In 2025 policy frameworks across Europe, the United Kingdom, and the United States collectively converged on a shared assumption that is now becoming structurally difficult to sustain: that green hydrogen production will scale fast enough to supply synthetic fuels for aviation, maritime transport, and increasingly road vehicles.
Global investment in electricity grids must rise from roughly USD 0.5 trillion annually in 2025 to about USD 1 trillion per year through 2035 if the world is to remain on a 1.5°C-compatible pathway.
Global clean hydrogen production is now expected to reach only 150 million to 160 million tonnes annually by 2050, according to DNV’s latest hydrogen outlook, marking a sharp downgrade from the company’s earlier expectations and reinforcing growing concerns that the hydrogen economy is advancing far more slowly than governments and developers anticipated just a few years ago.
Global mean sea level has risen by 9.4 centimeters since 2000, with satellite data showing an average annual increase of 3.64 millimeters since 1999, according to the Copernicus Climate Change Service. The rate is not static. It has accelerated from 1.3 millimeters per year in the early 20th century to 3.7 millimeters per year in the most recent observational window assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
With demand for e-SAF projected to reach 36,000 tonnes by 2030 and surge beyond 160,000 tonnes by 2035, Europe’s aviation sector is entering a regulatory phase where compliance obligations are already outpacing industrial readiness, according to industry assessments cited by Scandinavian Airlines.
