Author: Arnes Biogradlija

The standard cost architecture of green hydrogen production is built around two capital-intensive components: a photovoltaic array to convert sunlight into electricity, and an electrolyser to convert that electricity into hydrogen through water splitting. Each component has its own capital cost, efficiency loss, maintenance requirement, and infrastructure dependency. The electricity generated by the PV array must be conditioned, managed, and delivered to the electrolyser at the correct voltage and current profile. The electrolyser requires deionised water, thermal management, membrane maintenance, and in most configurations a grid connection or battery buffer to handle the variability of solar input. The combined system…

The EU’s Connecting Europe Facility for Energy carries a total grant budget of €5.88 billion for the period 2021 to 2027, making it the primary public financing instrument for cross-border energy infrastructure across the bloc. Against that overall envelope, the €600 million indicative budget attached to the newly launched call for proposals represents a significant but not outsized allocation, reflecting both the selectivity of the Projects of Common Interest and Projects of Mutual Interest framework and the expectation that multiple tranches of funding will follow as the second PCI and PMI list matures. Organised by the Climate, Infrastructure and Environment…

Somewhere in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, a massive cargo ship pitches in a deep-water swell. The ambient temperature on the steel deck is a blistering forty degrees Celsius. Stacked at the bottom of a six-high column of shipping containers, bearing the crushing downward force of hundreds of thousands of kilograms of dead weight, sits a single forty-foot ISO container. To the untrained eye, it is just another metal box moving global freight. But inside the two-foot gap between its outer steel shell and its inner pressure vessel, a silent and relentless war is being waged against the laws…

Before the Hormuz closure, approximately 20 million barrels of oil transited the strait every day. By the time Fatih Birol sat down with Michael Liebreich at the IEA’s Paris offices on 19 March, that figure had dropped to roughly four million. The 16-million-barrel daily shortfall represents not merely a supply disruption but, in Birol’s characterisation, the mother of all energy crises, one that he explicitly argues is larger in scale than the 1973 and 1979 oil shocks that reshaped global energy markets for the following five decades. The IEA had one week earlier taken the extraordinary step of releasing 400…

The global green hydrogen industry is confronting a resource allocation problem that grows more acute as deployment ambitions scale upward. Freshwater electrolysis, the dominant production method for green hydrogen today, consumes between nine and ten litres of high-purity water per kilogram of hydrogen produced. At the volumes required to decarbonise steel, chemical, and long-haul transport sectors, the water demand becomes a genuine constraint in many of the regions where offshore renewable energy resources are most abundant. Seawater covers approximately 71 per cent of the Earth’s surface, and the offshore wind and solar capacity situated above it represents one of the…

Gray hydrogen, produced from unabated fossil fuels, currently accounts for approximately two percent of global CO₂ emissions. That figure alone justifies serious analytical attention to the technology’s role in the energy transition. Yet hydrogen policy and investment decisions across Europe and beyond have been shaped less by rigorous application-specific assessment than by a polarised expert debate in which the technology is simultaneously positioned as an essential decarbonisation tool and dismissed as an inefficient distraction from direct electrification. The Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research has now produced the most comprehensive attempt yet to resolve that debate on empirical grounds,…

Austria has committed €275 million to four national flagship hydrogen projects and is actively developing the diplomatic groundwork for a southern corridor that would transport green hydrogen from North Africa through Italy to Central Europe. The announcement, made by Economics Minister Wolfgang Hattmannsdorfer at the UNIDO hydrogen conference in Vienna, positions Austria not as a terminal consumer of imported hydrogen but as a transit and distribution hub for the broader Central European market. The strategic framing is deliberate: a country with no significant domestic fossil fuel endowment and a recent history of acute exposure to Russian gas supply disruption is…

Recent internal discussions at major financial institutions reveal a stark divergence between public narratives and institutional risk management. During a closed client briefing, a senior Goldman Sachs executive noted that private market participants view current Middle Eastern geopolitical escalations as a convenient distraction from mounting software-sector exposures and structural weaknesses in the private credit market. This candid assessment highlights a broader macroeconomic reality in which geopolitical volatility obscures systemic vulnerabilities in a highly leveraged shadow-banking ecosystem. WATCH HERE The private credit market has ballooned to an estimated $1.8 trillion and operates largely outside traditional regulatory frameworks. Structured around direct lending…

Welcome to the new world order. For the past twenty years, politicians in expensive suits have assured us that the global economy is a well-oiled machine, carefully managed by the responsible adults in the room. But as conflict intensifies in the Middle East and the global supply chain groans under the weight of inflation, those “adults” are starting to look a lot like toddlers holding a live grenade. We are fed a steady diet of comforting bedtime stories: the US military can project power anywhere at any time, and the glorious transition to green energy means we don’t even need…

The energy transition has a learning problem, not just a technology problem. Shomron Jacob, AI/ML expert and entrepreneur with over a decade of experience deploying production AI systems across enterprise environments, argues that the gap between what artificial intelligence can already do for grids, renewables, and industrial decarbonization and what utilities are actually deploying represents one of the most consequential missed opportunities in climate action today. With three filed patents in AI/ML technology and firsthand experience bridging hardware and intelligent systems at scale, Jacob cuts through the hype to assess where AI is delivering measurable results, where the promises remain…