Author: Anela Dokso

For much of the twentieth century, energy systems operated under vertically integrated utilities that planned, dispatched, and balanced power and gas flows under a single hierarchy. Liberalization in the 1990s dismantled these structures, replacing internal engineering coordination with fragmented interactions across generators, grid operators, retailers, and aggregators. Today, decarbonization multiplies the challenge, adding new vectors—hydrogen, district heating, and electrified transport—that must synchronize with an already stressed electricity system. The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies argues in its September 2025 paper that the binding constraint of the energy transition is no longer technology cost but coordination under complexity. The analysis highlights…

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